Let’s note that of course act of tort can apply in all branches of law, and there are numerous acts of tort, in all fields of Law. For ex. also, in Work Law,( for ex. employer does not pay indemnity to employee fired for any reason); then it’s judged as penal case, if during civil trial fraud is detected and on basis of results, if there is direct relation of initial intention of accused(here defender) to final results, and indeed legal results that are produced till day of trial and start of adjudication, on which a true act of tort, can be based and apply as penal case, and regards its penal scale. (this is an example only, to have a general idea as introduction to it, and its main elements..). Then we can sum up here: that legal right of indemnification in act of tort is civil right of plaintiff, while, the other party bears civil responsibility or not in first place, according to findings during course of trial that can end up to penal responsibility or not, (apart from above, for ex. in accident, if one is hit by a car..but not done in purpose, then it’s a civil case, if driver leaves the victim on the street, helpless, and he/she dies or not, speaking generally, then it’s a true act of tort with born penal responsibility and relative legal results as penal act..with detection of possible fraud, that define quality of act of tort and applicable penalty/punishment or any other ‘mean’ decision. Of course there is so much still to say and describe,..on act of tort..as each case applies separately..etc.