Economics

Economics

basics of economics

Industry: Economy

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Economics

factor cost

Economy; Economics

A measure of output reflecting the costs of the factors of production used, rather than market prices, which may differ because of indirect tax and subsidy (see GDP).

An economic side-effect. Externalities are costs or benefits arising from an economic activity that affect somebody other than the people engaged in the economic activity and are not reflected fully ...

exports

Economy; Economics

Sales abroad. Exports grew steadily as a share of world output during the second half of the 20th century. Yet by some measures this share was no higher than at the end of the 19th century, before ...

export credit

Economy; Economics

Loans to boost exports. In many countries these are subsidized by a government keen to encourage exports. Typically, the credit comes in two forms: loans to foreign buyers of domestic produce; and ...

expenditure tax

Economy; Economics

A tax on what people spend, rather than what they earn or their wealth. Economists often regard it as more efficient than other taxes because it may discourage productive economic activity less; it ...

expected returns

Economy; Economics

The capital gain plus income that investors think they will earn by making an investment, at the time they invest.

expectations

Economy; Economics

What people assume about the future, especially when they make decisions. Economists debate whether people have irrational or rational expectations, or adaptive expectations that change to reflect ...