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citizen, citoyen, burger

The word "citizen" in English lumps together a number of distinct meanings, which can only be represented by using French and/or German words. The French word citoyen means the participant in the political life of the community, the individual who is a carrier of political rights, the enjoyer of "positive freedom/' During the French Revolution, when people addressed one another as 'Citizen Marat' or whatever, the word was citoyen. On the other hand, the German word Burger most graphically expresses the person as an individual participant in the economic life of the community, the bearer of social rights, the right not to be interfered with and to carry on any activity that does no harm to others, the enjoyer of "negative freedom." The French translation of Burger is bourgeois, and thus the bourgeoisie is the class of "individuals." Burger is sometimes translated as "individual."

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