labrum

labrum

A bulbous structure lying next to the epistome and bordering the anterior margin of the oral opening.

An unpaired, flat segment of the cephalon that articulates with the clypeus, and anteriorly covers the mandibles.

Unpaired outgrowth arising just in front of mouth and more or less covering it.

Unpaired outgrowth arising just in front of mouth and often more or less covering it.

Upper lip or unpaired structure arising anterior to the mouth and often covering it.

Relatively large, unpaired lobe covering mouth. Distal ends of mandibles extend under labrum. (ventral edge: smooth, toothed).

Large, unpaired lobe covering mouth and extending over end of mandibles.

Relatively large, unpaired lobe covering mouth; free (posterior) margin bears prominent spine. Tips (molar processes) of mandibles extend into preoral cavity (atrium oris) under labrum.

Large, bulbous, unpaired lobe covering mouth and extending over end of mandibles (with/without knob-like protuberance).

Large, bulbous, unpaired lobe covering mouth and extending over end (molar and incisor processes) of mandibles and to a lesser extend over maxillules. Preoral cavity formed under labrum is termed atrium oris. Anterior end of labrum may be associated with "eyes." (narrowly or broadly rounded anteriorly and posteriorly, somewhat pointed anteriorly and posteriorly; oval, obovate).

Unpaired, lobe-like structure anterior to mouth; adjoins bases of antennules and antennae. (See also labium).

Unpaired, lobe-like structure an-erior to mouth. Adjoined anteriorly by clypeus.

Relatively large, unpaired, fleshy lobe in front of and partially covering mouth; adjoined anteriorly by epistome.

Unpaired, lobe-like structure anterior to and partially covering mouth, (rounded, medially incised = apically notched = bilobed; lobes: symmetrical/ asymmetrical).

Nomenclature of isopod cephalon (A). Examples of isopod mouth appendages: Idoteidae (B, C, F, H); Cirolanidae (D, E, G, I).

Schematic representation of an isopod illustrating morphological terms.

Unpaired, lobe-like structure anterior to and partially covering mouth.

Unpaired, helmet-shaped structure anterior to mouth; extends posteriorly, covering mouth and part of mandibles. (bilobate, entire, with/without anterior spiniform projection).

Relatively small, unpaired fleshy lobe in front of mouth; adjoined anteriorly and laterally by epistome.

Unpaired lobe-like structure anterior to and partially covering mouth.

Lip-like structure in front of mouth; either consists of fleshy, papilla-shaped elevation or is reduced, along with paragnaths, to serrate flap enclosed in proboscis.

Balanus trigonus: oral cone, posterior view; and oral cone, lefft lateral view.

Unpaired lobe covering mouth; typically bear pair of palps. Forms part of oral pyramid in ascothoracican. (bullate, not bullate; cutting edge: straight, concave, with median notch; with/without setae or spines).

A lobe-like flap originating near the anterior margin of the head, between the bases of the antenna 1, and extending posteriorly across the ventral surface of the body to the mouth area.

The upper lip; a posteroventrally-directed, muscular, median lobe forming the anterior wall of the oral cone.

Unpaired, lip-like structure in front of mouth. May cover basal part (gnathobase) of mandible or be drawn out, along with lower lip (labium), into cone-like structure (mouth cone).

Large, bulbous, unpaired lobe covering mouth. Contains large gland and labral ganglion and extends over gnathobases of mandibles. (distal = posterior end: gradually expanded, abruptly expanded).

Unpaired, lip-like structure in front of mouth. May contain salivary glands or glands which produce a luminescent secretion.

Relatively large, fleshy lobe anterior to mouth; divided by transverse furrow into subtriangular anterior part and bulbous posterior part, the latter with a fossa and dense array of ribbon setae on posterior margin. Projecting posterior margin forms atrium oris below and extending somewhat behind true mouth.

Unpaired structure anterior to mouth. (See also paragnath).

Unpaired, lobe-like structure anterior to and partially covering mouth.

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